Searching Using Soundex Codes
Soundex is an indexing system that translates a name into a 4-digit code consisting of one letter and three numbers. The advantage of Soundex is its ability to locate names by the way they sound, rather than by exact spelling. For example, consider the name Maris. This name has a Soundex code of M620. Other variations on this name (such as Mares, Marriss, Mariss, and Mairis) all have the same Soundex code.
Soundex Rules
- Each Soundex code has exactly four alphanumeric characters (1 letter and 3 numbers)
- The first letter of the name is always the first character of the Soundex code.
- The remaining three digits are defined from the name using the Soundex Key Codes listed below.
- Adjacent letters in the name which have the same Soundex Key code number are assigned a single digit.
- If the name is not long enough to yield four characters,the code is padded with zeros.
| Code | Letter |
| 1 | B F P V |
| 2 | C G J K Q S X Z |
| 3 | D T |
| 4 | L |
| 5 | M N |
| 6 | R |
| No code | A E H I O U Y W |
The SOUNDEX function
This document presents a VBA function (named SOUNDEX) that converts a text string into a Soundex code. This function was developed by Richard J. Yanco.
The function can be used in a worksheet formula, or called from a VBA procedure. The SOUNDEX function is listed below. Notice that this function calls another function named Category.
Function SOUNDEX(Surname As String) As String
' Developed by Richard J. Yanco
' This function follows the Soundex rules given at
' http://home.utah-inter.net/kinsearch/Soundex.html
Dim Result As String, c As String * 1
Dim Location As Integer
Surname = UCase(Surname)
' First character must be a letter
If Asc(Left(Surname, 1)) < 65 Or Asc(Left(Surname, 1)) > 90 Then
SOUNDEX = ""
Exit Function
Else
' St. is converted to Saint
If Left(Surname, 3) = "ST." Then
Surname = "SAINT" & Mid(Surname, 4)
End If
' Convert to Soundex: letters to their appropriate digit,
' A,E,I,O,U,Y ("slash letters") to slashes
' H,W, and everything else to zero-length string
Result = Left(Surname, 1)
For Location = 2 To Len(Surname)
Result = Result & Category(Mid(Surname, Location, 1))
Next Location
' Remove double letters
Location = 2
Do While Location < Len(Result)
If Mid(Result, Location, 1) = Mid(Result, Location + 1, 1) Then
Result = Left(Result, Location) & Mid(Result, Location + 2)
Else
Location = Location + 1
End If
Loop
' If category of 1st letter equals 2nd character, remove 2nd character
If Category(Left(Result, 1)) = Mid(Result, 2, 1) Then
Result = Left(Result, 1) & Mid(Result, 3)
End If
' Remove slashes
For Location = 2 To Len(Result)
If Mid(Result, Location, 1) = "/" Then
Result = Left(Result, Location - 1) & Mid(Result, Location + 1)
End If
Next
' Trim or pad with zeroes as necessary
Select Case Len(Result)
Case 4
SOUNDEX = Result
Case Is < 4
SOUNDEX = Result & String(4 - Len(Result), "0")
Case Is > 4
SOUNDEX = Left(Result, 4)
End Select
End If
End Function
Private Function Category(c) As String
' Returns a Soundex code for a letter
Select Case True
Case c Like "[AEIOUY]"
Category = "/"
Case c Like "[BPFV]"
Category = "1"
Case c Like "[CSKGJQXZ]"
Category = "2"
Case c Like "[DT]"
Category = "3"
Case c = "L"
Category = "4"
Case c Like "[MN]"
Category = "5"
Case c = "R"
Category = "6"
Case Else 'This includes H and W, spaces, punctuation, etc.
Category = ""
End Select
End Function
Download an example
Click the link below to download an Excel 97 workbook that demonstrates the use of this function.
The demo file contains a list of more than 4,000 names. You can search for a name
in the list, and specify an exact match or an approximate match.
If you choose an approximate match, you'll get a list of names that have the same Soundex code as the name you're searching for.
